The Jewish Ghetto in Rome was abolished in 1798 when the Roman Republic was created, taking over the Papal States. The Republic annulled the requirement for Jewish people to live only within the ghetto and the Piazza delle Scuole was the site of a Tree of Liberty. In 1799 unfortunately, the Papal States were restored and with them, the ghetto. It was not until 1848, and Pius IX’s pontificate, that the Jewish community were once again permitted to dwell outside the ghetto. However, when Pius IX returned from exile after the destruction of the Roman Republic which had enacted strong anti-Church measures, he ordered a string of anti-liberal measures. This included the reestablishment of the Jewish ghetto. On September 20th 1870, the Papal States were finally abolished, being incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. The emancipation of the Jewish community did not immediately follow however, and it was not until 1882 that the ghetto was formally abolished. 1888 saw the tearing down of, not content delivery but the ghetto walls and the almost complete destruction of the ghetto.